Commons:Quando usar a tag PD-signature,,saaaas,,,aaasz

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This page is a translated version of a page Commons:When to use the PD-signature tag and the translation is 84% complete. Changes to the translation template, respectively the source language can be submitted through Commons:When to use the PD-signature tag and have to be approved by a translation administrator.
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"COM:SIG" redirects here. For the official guideline on signing of posts on Commons, see Commons:Signatures.

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Esta assinatura de Herman Hesse é permitida aqui, pois não é elegível para proteção de direitos autorais na Alemanha ou nos EUA

Esta página explica quando usar {{PD-signature}}.

A predefinição {{PD-signature}} é usada para marcar uma digitalização ou fotografia da assinatura pessoal de um indivíduo quando essa assinatura é considerada inelegível para proteção de direitos autorais nos Estados Unidos e sob a lei local. Tal como acontece com a maior parte do conteúdo do Commons, a imagem pode ser mantida apenas se for de domínio público ou disponível sob uma licença livre em ambos locais, nos EUA e sob a lei local. A lei dos EUA não concede direitos autorais para assinaturas pessoais típicas, portanto, a única questão geralmente será se a assinatura está protegida pela lei local.

Esta tag não se aplica a assinaturas que não possuem direitos autorais devido à sua idade, por exemplo, onde o autor morreu há mais de 70 anos (ou qualquer que seja o termo de direitos autorais local). Simplesmente use uma tag {{PD-Old}} ao invés.

Em muitos — mas não em todos — países, uma assinatura típica não é considerada suficientemente original para receber proteção de direitos autorais.

Em todos os casos, o julgamento deve ser usado, pois não existe uma regra absoluta que defina se uma assinatura é ou não capaz de proteção de direitos autorais. Os países que normalmente não concedem direitos autorais às assinaturas podem fazê-lo se a assinatura for suficientemente complexa para se tornar uma obra artística protegível (semelhante a um desenho não trivial); por outro lado, os países que normalmente concedem direitos autorais podem não fazê-lo se a assinatura for extremamente simples (por exemplo, uma linha rabiscada ou duas).

Pode nem sempre ser evidente qual lei do país se aplica a uma assinatura em particular (e esta pode ser uma questão legal difícil), mas escolher o país de nacionalidade do indivíduo seria um bom começo.

Estados Unidos

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COM:SIG United States

Estados Unidos

OK for a typical signature. In Copyright circular Number 1 the US Copyright Office sets out a list of things on which copyright protection cannot be granted, including "Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; and mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring."

The US Copyright Compendium, chapter 503.02(2) states that copyright will be denied to a character of Chinese calligraphy painted upon horizontally striated grass cloth. It states that "like typography, calligraphy is not copyrightable as such, notwithstanding the effect achieved by calligraphic brush strokes across a striated surface". Thus, it appears that calligraphy cannot be protected and, by analogy, signatures.

In Commons talk:Licensing/Archive 11#Autographs.2Fsignatures, there is a reference to User:BrokenSphere having sent an email to the US Copyright Office, and receiving the reply "A signature is not protected by copyright".

If the signature is sufficiently complex to be considered a protectable artistic work in the US (akin to a non-trivial drawing), it cannot be hosted on Commons regardless of the position under local law unless it has been licensed under a compatible license or would have fallen into the public domain under some other rule (e.g. expiration of copyright).

Países de direito civil

Os países de direito civil exigem um nível relativamente alto de criatividade intelectual, o que excluirá as assinaturas típicas da proteção de direitos autorais.

Se você souber de casos específicos ou aconselhamento jurídico sobre esse assunto em qualquer país, adicione a informação abaixo.

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COM:SIG Germany

Alemanha

German copyright law requires a high threshold of originality, called Schöpfungshöhe.

OK for a typical signature. The relevant law is the Urheberrechtsgesetz, abbreviated UrhG. Paragraph 2(2) UrhG makes it clear that there is a threshold of originality that must be met: "Werke im Sinne dieses Gesetzes sind nur persönliche geistige Schöpfungen", which can be roughly translated as "According to this law, only personal intellectual creations are considered as works." The Schöpfungshöhe defines the minimal requirements that must be met for a work to become a copyrightable intellectual creation. In this context, signatures are comparable to simple graphics that just fulfill some practical purpose which are likewise not eligible for copyright as documented by following cases:

  • OLG Köln, 6 U 199/85 (GRUR 1986, 889) ruled that this image is ineligible for copyright including its animation
  • BVerfG 1 BvR 1571/02 ruled that this image is ineligible for copyright because it is a work of applied art serving a practical purpose which requires a higher threshold of originality

In general, simple type faces and signatures for practical purposes are not eligible for copyright. To quote from Haimo Schack: Urheber- und Urhebervertragsrecht, p. 118:

"Dagegen wird ein Urheberschutz von Schriftzeichen von der Rechtssprechung in aller Regel verneint. Auch das einprägsame Signet der "ARD-1" erfüllte nicht die Anforderungen an eine persönliche geistige Schöpfung. Seit dem 1.6.2004 werden Schriftzeichen nicht mehr über das Schriftzeichengesetz, sondern unmittelbar als Geschmacksmuster geschützt (vgl § 61 GeschmMG)."

Rough translation:

"In contrast, copyright protection for typefaces is declined by the prevailing case law. Even the catchy logo "ARD-1" did not fulfil the requirements of a personal intellectual creation. Since 1 June 2004 type faces are no longer protected by the Schriftzeichengesetz (law for type faces) but as design patents (see § 61 GeschmMG)."

See also de:Rechtsschutz von Schriftzeichen#Schutz handschriftlicher Schriftarten und Gestaltungen.

However, there may still be copyright be if the signature is sufficiently complex to become a protectable artistic work (e.g. because it has more creativity than this image - see above).

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COM:SIG China

China

 Not OK: According to the laws of the People's Republic of China, whether a work is protected by copyright, that is contingent on the originality (, literally "independent creativity"). Works having originality are protected and the copyright held by their authors ("Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020) Article 15: "A work created by compilation shall refer to the work which is compiled of some works, fragments of works or the data or other materials not constituting a work, and the choice or layout of the contents of which embodies the original creation. The copyright of the compilation work shall be enjoyed by the compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright does not infringe upon the copyright of the pre-existing works included in the compilation.") The signatures are commonly created independently rather than imitatively.

The signatures by the Chinese people containing Chinese characters may be considered as Chinese calligraphy works, and thus defined as artwork (, or translated as "works of fine arts") and protected by law ("Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2002) Article 4: "(8) 'works of fine arts' means two- or three-dimensional works of the plastic arts created in lines, colours or other media which impart aesthetic effect, such as paintings, works of calligraphy and sculptures;"). In a typical case, Dow Jones & Company had used a calligraphy "" written by calligrapher Guan Dongsheng. In 2003, Guan Dongsheng won his court action against the company, ruling by the Beijing First Intermediate People's Court. The artwork can be seen here.

Exceptions OK:

  • If a signature is originally from documents of legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, it is in the public domain (see {{PD-PRC-exempt}}).
  • Signatures whose author died more than 50 years ago are in the public domain.
  • If the work is not a handwritten signature, but was instead created using standard, common typefaces of Ming, Sans-serif, or Regular script, it may be in the public domain. However, the vector glyphs in computer fonts may still be copyrighted.
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COM:SIG Japan

Japão

OK for a typical signature,  Not OK for calligraphic signatures. The decision 平成10(受)332 (Hanrei Jiho No. 1730: 123) set a relatively high artistic threshold for typefaces. The decision 平成10(ワ)14675 substantiates that calligraphy works are copyrightable [1]. According to Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Copyright Law, a work is a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific artistic or musical domain. A signature must have aesthetic properties capable of artistic appreciation, not just beauty in terms of practical functionality, to be copyrightable.
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COM:SIG Jordan

Jordânia

OK for a typical signature, based on Article 3 of Jordanian copyright law, which specifies what is eligible to be copyrighted.
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COM:SIG Peru

Peru

OK for a typical signature. Because calligraphies consist of trivial mechanical processes that do not involve artistic and literary efforts, they do not pass the threshold of originality due to the lack of reasonable creative and individual transmission during their process ("mera naturaleza de las cosas").[2] On Resolution No. 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI explains the differences between a creative work and a trivial work, therefore not all creations are authentic and not are subject for their protection.[3] Also, Resolution No. 0148-2008/TPI-INDECOPI sets to the drawings of common use cannot pass the attributes of individuality, making the signatures look the same as the concept of uncopyrighted drawings.

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COM:SIG Russia

Rússia

 . Signature used for expression of will, for identification, or in similar cases is a legal or technical tool, it is not work of science, literature, or art, so it is not copyrightable.

 Depend on case. Signature used for other purposes can be protected depending on its creativity.

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COM:SIG South Korea

Coreia do Sul

  for a typical signature: The Supreme Court of South Korea has ruled that typefaces are not protected by copyright.[4]

   for calligraphic signatures: According to Copyright Act Article 4, calligraphy is protected by copyright (See also Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea § Types of protected work).

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COM:SIG Taiwan

Taiwan

 Not OK: This government regulation (archived from original) lists handwriting and calligraphy as examples of artistic works that are subject to copyright protection.

Países de direito consuetudinário

A maioria dos países de direito consuetudinário usa um teste de "habilidade e trabalho" para determinar o nível mínimo de originalidade capaz de atrair proteção de direitos autorais e, em alguns países, como o Reino Unido, o nível exigido é extremamente baixo. Sem alguma pesquisa em leis individuais, não se pode presumir que uma assinatura de um país de direito consuetudinário seja necessariamente permitida no Commons. Se houver dúvida real sobre a posição que um tribunal local tomaria, a imagem deve ser excluída de acordo com o princípio da precaução.

Se a assinatura for extremamente simples (por exemplo, uma linha rabiscada ou duas), não terá direitos autorais, mesmo em países de direito consuetudinário.

Se você souber de casos específicos ou aconselhamento jurídico sobre este assunto em qualquer país, adicione a informação abaixo.

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COM:SIG United Kingdom

Reino Unido

Nenhuma informação disponível

Como usar a tag PD-signature

Você pode aplicar a tag {{PD-signature}} a uma fotografia ou digitalização de uma assinatura pessoal, desde que:

  • É muito provável que a assinatura fique abaixo do limite de originalidade para proteção nos Estados Unidos; e
  • É muito provável que esteja abaixo do limite de originalidade no país de origen. (se a assinatura for de complexidade/criatividade "típica", ela deve ser considerada livre em países de direito civil e não livre em países de direito consuetudinário para os quais nenhuma regra específica está listada acima); e
  • Você explicitamente declara como um parâmetro para a tag segundo as leis do país (por exemplo, o país de nacionalidade do indivíduo).

Note that you must specify a country, so that a judgement can be made as the minimum level of originality required under local law. If no country is stated, or if the signature is arguably complex/creative enough to attract copyright then the image cannot be assumed free and will be deleted under the precautionary principle.

Signatures and trademark protection

In many countries, a signature is capable of being protected as a trademark. However, even where a signature is protected by trademark laws it can still be hosted here: see Commons:Non-copyright restrictions. If you know that a particular signature is trademark-protected, you can add the {{Trademark}} disclaimer as well as the {{PD-signature}} tag.

Reutilização de imagens de assinatura

Warning É necessário cuidado por parte dos reutilizadores de imagens de assinatura. As assinaturas ainda são protegidas contra falsificação e outras leis contra fraude e podem estar sujeitas à proteção de marcas registradas (mesmo que {{Trademark}} não tenha sido aplicada). A falta de proteção de direitos autorais não é uma defesa se as leis que não são de direitos autorais forem violadas e, como sempre, cabe ao reutilizador garantir que a reutilização proposta seja permitida pela lei local.
  1. ...[I]f the work has aesthetic elements that express thoughts and feelings through the selection of letters, the shape and size of the letters, the shading of the ink, the stroke of the brush, and the composition of the letters in combination with each other, it may be eligible for copyright protection as a work of art that shows the writer's individual expression. If the work has aesthetic elements that express ideas and feelings through the size of the ink, the shading of the ink, the movement or strokes of the brush, the composition of the letters in combination with each other, etc., it is considered to be a work of art in which the author's unique expression is expressed and can be protected by copyright.
  2. Enrique, Cavero Safra (july 2015). "El concepto de originalidad en el derecho de autor peruano". Forsetti (5): 113-127. ISSN 2312-3583. Retrieved on 2021-08-20.
  3. Ministry of Justice (2015). "Precedentes y normativa del Indecopi en Propiedad Intelectual". Indecopi. ISSN 2409-7667.
  4. The Supreme Court of South Korea 94누5632